The aim of this research was to explore several environmental psychology features among dormitory students and their relationships with sexuality, academic levels and types of dormitories.Method: The sample consists of students in different majors and academic levels living in eight different fraternities and sororities of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences. The instrument for gathering data was a questioner which consisted questions about their satisfaction of their present dormitories.Results: The results reveal that there is a meaningful relationship between environmental psychology features and sexuality, academic levels and types of dormitories. In summary as a conclusion, sexuality, academic levels and types of dormitories are the three main elements that must necessarily be considered in designing dormitories. These elements would be effective on a number of students’ psychological characteristics such as crowding, personal space, control and territorial behavior.Conclusion: The study also recommends ideas for further improvement of designing dormitories.

Extended abstractIntroduction and statement of the problem: dormitory culture as a subset of university culture is a very important subject, because it directly affects the personal and social life of students. Despite the importance of this issue, higher education policymakers have not paid much attention to it in our country. For many of our young people, the student dormitory is an inappropriate substitute for a safe family environment. Having support and living with the family is an important psychological, emotional and social need in all age groups. Many studies have shown that the prevalence of emotional and mental disorders in students living in dormitories is higher than in students not living in the dormitories. Being in a dormitory, in addition to being away from one's family and former relationship network, also living in it may impose problems on a person; On the other hand, there is a possibility that the dormitory environment is a source of support for a person due to the presence of peers and the scientific atmosphere that dominates it. Despite this, dormitories often focus only on physical aspects such as providing sleeping space and basic facilities without considering the social needs of students. However, many studies have shown that students are not satisfied with the physical facilities of the dormitories. Therefore, the issue of dormitory culture for female students is more sensitive than for male students, and due to having more restrictions, it seems that living in student dormitories is associated with more harm for them. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to investigate the experiences of female students in facing the dormitory life.Materials and methods: In this research, according to the nature of its subject, qualitative method and phenomenological approach have been used. The statistical population in this research are female students living in student dormitories in Urmia University. The statistical sample in this research was 10 people who were selected in a purposeful way from among the female students living in the dormitories of Urmia University who had at least two semesters and at most five semesters of attendance in the dormitories. Getting first-hand experiences or lived experience can only be done by interviewing people who have had this experience themselves. For this purpose, a semi-structured interview was used in this research to collect data. In the interviews, the students were asked to express their experiences of living in the dormitory. The method of data analysis in this research was done using the Colaizzi's method. The credibility of this research has been achieved by using the components of reliability, originality, transferability, reliability and verifiability, as well as presenting the research results to the participants and recording the research process accurately. In determining the validity of the research, the strategies of confirmation of the participants, involvement of the researcher with the investigated phenomenon, evaluation and consensus of other researchers on the determined concepts and categories have been used.Discussion of the findings and conclusions: The findings of this research show that living in student dormitories for female students comes with many challenges and opportunities. The challenges of dormitory life from the point of view of female students are: lack of privacy, irregular sleeping and waking hours, personality instability, lack of dormitory facilities, mental-psychological pressure, and studying on the sidelines. Besides these challenges, students have also mentioned the opportunities of dormitory life. Opportunities such as individual independence, personality development, gaining social life experiences, self-management of life and strengthening the spirit of cooperation were part of the most important opportunities mentioned by the students. Therefore, based on these findings, the culture of student dormitories, along with the challenges and problems they create for students, can provide opportunities and fields to improve students' ability and social life skills to lead to personal growth and Students become social.If there is one point to be discussed as the final result of this research, it is that the dormitory culture, although within itself, brings opportunities and positive consequences; But its challenges and negative aspects are more in our country. The paradigm model of this research clearly shows this fact. However, the dormitory management in our country has been wrong from the beginning and no plan has been presented for this part of university culture. The dormitory is only a four-walled one with minimal facilities and has been prepared for students to sleep. It is not important for the university authorities what kind of relations and problems exist within these four walls. This method of management has been until today and along with other factors, it has caused the deterioration of academic culture and the reduction of the quality of universities in Iran. It is on this basis that the expression "eclipse of academic culture" is used in Iran for the situation.

This article aims to study the socio-cultural challenges of private dormitories in Tehran. The population of research is all students who are living in private dormitories. The data are collected through quantitative (questionnaires) and qualitative (interviews and observations) methods. The results show that students in private dormitories are faced with the problems and challenges such as lack of privacy due to population density, conflict among students, non-student residents, lack of belonging to the dorm, alienation from the dormitory, conflicts with neighbors and tendency to risky behavior and social vulnerabilities as watching of illegal movies and sites, smoking, and use of drugs.

The aim of this research was to compare the mental health of the dormitory and non-dormitory students of Shahid Madani University of Azerbaijan. The study was a descriptive and Expost Facto one. The statistical population of the study included all the students of the mentioned niversity (N=3579). The subjects were selected by stratified random sampling according to Krijsi and Morgan table (n=346). The Goldberg (1972) general mental health questionnaire (GHQ28) was used. The gathered data were analyzed by SPSS16, with t students, T2 Hetling. The results indicated that there was not a significant difference in the mental health of dormitory and non-dormitory students and among the students of different faculties, or between married and unmarried students. However, there was a significant difference between the mental health of male and female students at the significance level of p£0.01.

Background & Objectives: Primary dysmenorrhea is one of the most common disorders in young girls. This study aims to determine the severity distribution of primary dysmenorrhea according to its type and its effect on daily activities of dormitory students and treatment methods used by them.Materials & Methods: The study consisted of 108 single girl students of Tabriz University and Tabriz Medical Sciences University dormitories who were 18 to 22 years old, had dysmenorrhea without any physical or mental illnesses. Data were gathered by a questionnaires consisted of questions about demographic characteristics, medical and menstrual history, determining severity of menstrual pain (VAS using visual comparison scale. The data were analyzed by chi-square test.Results: Almost three-quarters of the cases (70%) had experienced moderate to sever dysmenorrhea (VAS?5). More than one-third of them (38%) declared that they often/always have been hampered by dysmenorrhea in their daily activities. Three-quarters of these girls took often/always painkillers for relieve pain. Severity of menstrual pain in girls whose mother or sisters had had dysmenorrhea, the girls who often/always hampered in their daily activities because of it and, also, the cases who suffered from spasmodic dysmenorrhea was significantly higher than the other ones (P<0.05).Conclusion: Moderate to severe dysmenorhea which prevent them from daily activities was more prevalent between students with primary dysmenorrhea which should be paid more attentions.

Background: Tinea versicolor is a common cutaneous fungal infection of the skin caused by a part of the resident flora of skin known as Malassezia species. This infection is recognized by pigmentation disturbance in the form of lesions and superficial scaling in the skin. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted on 350 students between the ages of 18-25 years who lived in a school dormitory and were suspected of clinical diagnosis of Tinea versicolor. The Scotch tape method was used to take samples from the infected skin of students, and methylene blue staining was used to prepare smears. Results: After mycological examinations, among the 350 suspected students, 30 cases tested positive for Tinea versicolor, including 17 males and 13 females. 43. 3% (n: 13) of patients had hypopigmentation followed by hyperpigmentation (33. 3%, n: 10) and erythematous (23. 3%, n: 7). Conclusion: This study demonstrated a significant prevalence of Tinea versicolor among the students located in the dormitories, with a higher rate among male students. Different infection periods and lesions were observed in the cases, but no severe lesion was seen.

Introduction: Behavioral setting, as a result of ecological psychology knowledge, investigates the behavior and experiences of people in their daily lives and the real environment. From this perspective, the study of human behavior depends on the study of the environment in which the behavior is formed. Therefore, the designer, in addition to identifying repetitive behavioral patterns and the environment in which the behavior is formed, needs to recognize the relationship between these two factors. Statement of the problem: Dormitories as a kind of residential places accommodating a variety of users and embracing lifestyle diversity, induce a variety of activities due to synchronicity with other activities. Therefore, the disruption of permanent behavioral patterns in the built environment are studied in this paper. In fact, lack of comprehensive knowledge and understanding of the needs, habits and behaviors of students in dormitory spaces has led to such conflicts between the space and the users. Since in the last few decades the number of students have increased in our country, the problems of their accommodation and providing sufficient space per capita in dormitories have arisen, and behavioral and physical conflicts have become obvious. Thus, today, it is essential to study the behavioral patterns from a psychological point of view carefully and methodically to build a compatible environment with the users’ needs. On the other hand, research shows that female students are under more emotional pressure caused by being away from family members and the inability of the individual to adapt to the difficult conditions of the dormitory. So, we found it necessary to focus on designing dormitories for girls. The aim of this research is to find architectural designing guidelines for student dormitories in accordance with Iranian female students' spatial behavior based on “ behavioral settings. ” What are the different types of behavioral settings in the studied girls’ dormitory? How is the current identified function of the behavioral settings in the studied case evaluated from the students’ point of view? What are the appropriate space characteristics related to the behavioral patterns for students in dormitories? Methodology: Given the cultural diversity among the residents of a room in the dormitory, as well as age differences, educational level and different personality traits and consequently their multiple needs, it was considered necessary to assess repetitive users’ behavioral patterns and physical aspects of their living space using their own opinion. This study uses non-intervening methods including being present in the environment, as well as field observation method. A group of two hundred students of four female dormitory complexes of Shiraz University at different levels (undergraduate, Master and PhD) were observed. An open questionnaire and content analysis of qualitative data were applied to determine the weight of the effective components in the design including current behavioral patterns, physical characteristics, and disruptive factors of the current synomorphic pattern of behaviormilieu during identifying behavioral settings. Findings: At the end of this study, qualitative data were analyzed by content analysis method. After determining the frequency of effective components in the design, which include repetitive behaviors of students in their living environment and the physical dimensions of the dormitory space, the degree of synomorphic relationship was evaluated and finally design guidelines were presented in three broad categories: private space of individual activities, semi-private space of individual activities, and public and semi-public spaces of collective activities. This research is based on theoretical and practical background of the case study, and attempts to show design techniques tailored to each guideline and provides a suitable platform for identifying behavioral patterns in the dormitory. Through structural testing and considering the degree of interdependence between the synomorphies of a behavioral setting, the five major behavioral settings including “ residential suites” , “ self-governing stores” , “ learning communities” , “ social interactions” and “ sports and health” are detectable in the design of dormitories and each is affected by the larger context to which they belong. Conclusion: Residential suites with high number of synomorphies have been recognized as one of the most important behavioral settings in this study. Students living space is a place where they spend most of their time and where they perform many activities. The spatial boundary of their living space includes a wide range of place-behaviors, each of which can be defined structurally as a separate behavioral setting; because they have more detailed synomorphies within themselves. Therefore, they have a more complex combination of behavior-milieu synomorphies. As a result, residential suites are more important than other behavioral sites in this study. They have to be carefully designed to realize multiple behavioral patterns of residents that occur simultaneously in the form of individuals’ different cultures and habits. In addition, the function of residential suites has a significant impact on the function of other behavioral settings. In fact, if the accommodation suites play a key role in meeting the primary and basic needs of students including the need for sleep and rest, health and personal hygiene, study, etc., the desire to do voluntary and social activities to meet the transcendent needs of other students will increase and the performance of other settings will be improved.

Dear Editor, Zolpidem is a nonbenzodiazepine hypnotic agent that was accepted for a short-term treatment course of insomnia (1). This drug could be used for short-time relaxation before surgery. Meanwhile, because of its relaxant eff ect, it is used for sleep disturbance, especially initiating sleep, as the eff ect starts in 15 minutes after consumption. But, if the person does not intentionally sleep after usage, he/she may experience visual or auditory hallucinations that will be pleasing to the person; it may be less likely to take dangerous actions during the hallucination due to blood pressure drop and lethargy (2). . .

The aim of this research is constructing a specific psychometric tool for evaluation of dormitory adjustment of university student in Tehran. Iran. Two major aspects of the questionnaire, its reliability and validation, are evaluated through this study. Statistical population of the research was all the dormitory students of Tehran's universities. For this purpose, 929 girls and boys with consideration of their ratio were selected randomlybymultisteps method from Allameh Tabatabie, Shahid Beheshti and Tehran Universities. Regarding theoretical bases and principles of questionnaire construction. dormitory Adjustment Questionnaire (DAQ) was designed and it was carried out through three steps. The information gathered from final examination was analyzed by statistical psychometric methods. Reliability of questionnaire was evaluated with inner consistency method (a= 0.88) and retest method (r = 0.77). For their consideration the factor analysis method was used. Results showed that the extracted factors can explain 51% of questionnaire variances. The scores standardized separately for both boys and girls (T and Z scores).